Neurobiology of Depression

Depression, a multifaceted disorder, involves dysregulation in brain circuits crucial for mood regulation and emotional processing. Key neurobiological factors include altered neurotransmitter levels, notably serotonin, and impaired neuroplasticity in regions like the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Chronic stress induces hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, leading to elevated cortisol levels that further exacerbate depressive symptoms. Genetic predispositions and epigenetic modifications also play pivotal roles, influencing vulnerability to depression. Emerging research underscores the impact of inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress in neural structures, contributing to depressive pathophysiology. Understanding these intricate neurobiological mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies that address the underlying causes of depression and improve treatment outcomes.

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